Styles of Infant Feeding: ParentalCaretaker Control of Food Consumption in Young Children
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چکیده
Studies of infant-feeding practices I abound in the recent anthropological literature, spurred by an interest in maternal and child health and by the infant formula controversy. The focus has been on the determinants of infant-feeding patterns and the nutritional effects of these patterns. These studies have looked at such variables as breastfeeding and weaning practices, the age when solid foods are introduced, which foods are appropriate for children, the age at weaning, the use of infant formula, overall dietary adequacy, and socioeconomic and demographic determinants. The studies employ a variety of research techniques, types of data, and underlying theoretical models, which lead to different policy implications concerning how to improve the nutritional status of young children. Some studies identify food availability and/or poverty as the primary determinants of infant-feeding patterns and therefore nutritional status (cf. Raphael and Davis 1985). Others highlight normative beliefs that limit children's access to protein sources, leading to malnutrition (Lepowsky 1985, 1987; Pettigrew 1982) or intrafamilial patterns of food distribution that lead to higher rates of morbidity and mortality for women and children generally and for female children in particular (Daniggelis 1987; McKee 1984; Pettigrew 1982; Piwoz and Viteri 1985). Several recent studies focusing on child neglect and abuse have described feeding practices in contexts where caretakers purposefully
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